Changes in energy supply and energy use will be a major force for change in the 21st century.

 

Humanity’s use of hydrocarbon energy (Oil, Gas and Coal) is a major cause of climate change. If we choose to reduce carbon emissions, we will need to use less of these energy sources. So we need to seek alternative sources of energy, or use less energy altogether.  This will lead to changes in lifestyle, production and consumption.

 

Energy powers modern agricultural production, which has supported high population growth. About 10 calories of energy are required to produce every calorie of food we eat. About one third each of those 10 calories is spent on agriculture, on transport and on cooking.

 

Energy powers international transport, trade, tourism and migration: it has made globalisation possible.

 

Technology depends on energy. Our choice of energy source determines our choice of technology and vice-versa. To drive a petrol or diesel-powered vehicles we need cheap oil, but if oil is no longer cheap, what other transport technology will we use?