Notes

For cities and communities there is logic in developing towards relatively closed systems especially for energy and waste. Hammerby in Sweden have done this through a brown fields redevelopment programme. Much of their energy is generated through solar means or through gas produced from their waste plants and some locally grown crops for biofuels. This makes them resilient against energy price shocks from outside of the region or from rising oil prices. Their waste is also turned into a resource to fertilise their biofuels, water is recycled and waste packaging is recycled.